How the ₹1 Lakh Crore RDI Scheme Is Transforming the R&D Ecosystem
How the ₹1 Lakh Crore RDI Scheme Is Transforming the R&D Ecosystem
Key Takeaways
- ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme launched to boost private-led innovation in India.
- India’s expenditure on research and development rose from ₹60,196 crore in 2010–11 to ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2020–21.
- The Central Government contributes 43.7% of the total national R&D expenditure.
Introduction
India’s research and development (R&D) ecosystem is undergoing a decisive transformation, driven by a national commitment to innovation-led growth. Over the past decade, investments in science and technology have increased steadily, supported by progressive policy frameworks, targeted funding, and institutional reforms.
The Government has placed R&D at the core of its journey towards Viksit Bharat@2047, recognising science and technology as critical enablers of progress in healthcare, energy, manufacturing, digital transformation, and strategic sectors.
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India’s R&D Expenditure and Growth Trends
Key Trends and Figures
- GERD more than doubled from ₹60,196.75 crore in 2010–11 to ₹1,27,380.96 crore in 2020–21.
- Per capita R&D expenditure increased from PPP$ 29.2 to PPP$ 42.0 between 2007–08 and 2020–21.
- The Government sector contributes around 64% of total GERD, while the private sector accounts for about 36%.
- India awarded over 40,000 doctorates in 2018–19, with nearly 60% in science and technology disciplines.
- Patent filings in India nearly tripled between 2020–21 and 2024–25.
Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme
Launched on 3 November 2025, the Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme is a landmark initiative with a fund size of ₹1 lakh crore, aimed at building a private-sector-driven innovation ecosystem.
Launch at ESTIC 2025
The scheme was announced during the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025, held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, from 3 to 5 November 2025.
Objectives of the RDI Scheme
- Encourage private sector participation in R&D.
- Support advanced-stage technologies for faster market translation.
- Enable acquisition of critical and strategic technologies.
- Facilitate a Deep-Tech Fund of Funds.
Institutional and Policy Framework for Innovation
Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)
Established under the ANRF Act, 2023, the Foundation provides strategic direction for research, innovation, and entrepreneurship, aiming to mobilise ₹50,000 crore during 2023–28.
National Geospatial Policy, 2022
The policy liberalises access to geospatial data and promotes the development of national geospatial infrastructure.
Indian Space Policy, 2023
This policy enables greater private participation in the space sector and promotes collaboration between public and private entities.
BioE3 Policy, 2024
The BioE3 Policy advances biotechnology-driven innovation through biomanufacturing, bio-AI hubs, and a national biofoundry network.
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) 2.0
AIM continues to foster innovation and entrepreneurship across schools, universities, and industries, with an extended mandate till March 2028.
National Missions Driving Frontier Research
- National Quantum Mission
- National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems
- National Supercomputing Mission
- India Semiconductor Mission
- Deep Ocean Mission
- IndiaAI Mission
Digital Public Infrastructure: Accelerating India’s R&D Vision
India’s Digital Public Infrastructure, including UPI, DigiLocker, Aadhaar-based e-KYC, Co-WIN, and Direct Benefit Transfer systems, has emerged as a strong enabler of research, innovation, and inclusive growth.
Conclusion
The ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme, supported by strong institutions, national missions, and Digital Public Infrastructure, represents a decisive push towards private-led innovation. Together, these efforts are reshaping India’s R&D landscape and paving the way towards Viksit Bharat2047.
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